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Africa","continent":"Africa","centroid":[2262.7,1396.6]},{"iso3":"ZMB","m49":"894","name":"Zambia","subregion":"Eastern Africa","continent":"Africa","centroid":[2304.4,1173]},{"iso3":"ZWE","m49":"716","name":"Zimbabwe","subregion":"Eastern Africa","continent":"Africa","centroid":[2322.4,1253.7]}],"eras":[{"id":"modelled","from":0,"to":1799,"label":"Modelled estimate","short":"Modelled","population":"HYDE v3.3 (2023), via Our World in Data","births":"Stable-population model driven by life expectancy and measured population growth","note":"No source records births anywhere in the world for these years. Population comes from HYDE's gridded historical reconstruction, summed inside today's borders; the birth rate is modelled from assumed mortality and the growth rate of the population series itself. Treat these as order-of-magnitude estimates."},{"id":"reconstructed","from":1800,"to":1949,"label":"Historical reconstruction","short":"Reconstructed","population":"Gapminder v7 (2022), via Our World in Data","births":"Gapminder v11 crude birth rate x population","note":"Built from censuses, parish registers and historical demographic research, with substantial interpolation. Several countries carry one estimated birth rate across long stretches of the 19th century, so within-century detail is often not real."},{"id":"un_estimate","from":1950,"to":2023,"label":"UN estimate","short":"UN estimate","population":"UN World Population Prospects 2024","births":"UN World Population Prospects 2024, annual births","note":"The UN's own estimates, reconciled with censuses, vital registration and surveys. Accurate where registration is complete and modelled where it is not."},{"id":"un_projection","from":2024,"to":2026,"label":"UN projection","short":"Projection","population":"UN World Population Prospects 2024, medium variant","births":"UN World Population Prospects 2024, medium variant","note":"These years have not happened yet or have not been counted yet. They are the medium variant of the UN's projection, not a record of births that took place."}],"sources":[{"id":"hyde","name":"HYDE 3.3 \u2014 History Database of the Global Environment","authors":"Klein Goldewijk, K., Beusen, A., Doelman, J., Stehfest, E.","publisher":"PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency","year":2023,"url":"https://doi.org/10.17026/dans-25g-gez3","used_for":"Population inside modern borders, 0-1799."},{"id":"gapminder_pop","name":"Gapminder population v7","publisher":"Gapminder Foundation","year":2022,"url":"https://www.gapminder.org/data/documentation/gd003/","used_for":"Population, 1800-1949."},{"id":"gapminder_cbr","name":"Gapminder crude birth rate","publisher":"Gapminder Foundation (Systema Globalis)","year":2015,"url":"https://github.com/open-numbers/ddf--gapminder--systema_globalis","used_for":"Crude birth rate, 1800-1949."},{"id":"wpp","name":"World Population Prospects 2024","authors":"United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division","year":2024,"url":"https://population.un.org/wpp/","used_for":"Births, crude birth rate, fertility rate, population and life expectancy from 1950; abridged life tables used to derive the survivorship curves behind the pre-1800 model."},{"id":"owid_pop","name":"Population (long-run)","authors":"Our World in Data","year":2024,"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/population","used_for":"Normalised join of HYDE, Gapminder and UN population onto consistent modern country codes."},{"id":"riley","name":"Estimates of Regional and Global Life Expectancy, 1800-2001","authors":"Riley, J. 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Modern borders, drawn for every year."}],"milestones":[{"year":1000,"label":"1000","note":"Population still near its ancient level after a millennium."},{"year":1400,"label":"1400","note":"After the Black Death \u2014 Europe's population had fallen by a third or more."},{"year":1800,"label":"1800","note":"First year with reconstructed birth rates for most countries."},{"year":1900,"label":"1900","note":"Fertility already falling across industrial Europe."},{"year":1950,"label":"1950","note":"First year of United Nations estimates."},{"year":1952,"label":"1952","note":"Highest world birth rate in the UN record."},{"year":2012,"label":"2012","note":"Most babies born in a single year, worldwide."},{"year":2026,"label":"2026","note":"UN medium-variant projection."}],"model":{"identity":"b = 1 / \u222b e^(-ra) p(a) da","preModernE0":25.0,"preModernE0Spread":3.0,"rampFrom":1600,"rampTo":1800,"rateSensitivity":0.1318,"lifeTables":17466,"e0Range":[26,86],"validation":{"n":191,"medianAbsError":0.178,"meanBias":-0.1113,"within20pct":0.555,"within30pct":0.728,"examples":[{"iso3":"CHN","modelled":42.9,"observed":38.6},{"iso3":"DEU","modelled":28.5,"observed":38.0},{"iso3":"FRA","modelled":34.7,"observed":29.4},{"iso3":"GBR","modelled":33.3,"observed":36.6},{"iso3":"IND","modelled":36.8,"observed":41.5},{"iso3":"JPN","modelled":37.3,"observed":29.6},{"iso3":"SWE","modelled":34.7,"observed":28.7},{"iso3":"USA","modelled":48.0,"observed":48.3}]},"e0Anchors":{"Europe":33.3,"Asia":28.5,"Africa":28.5,"Americas":28.5,"Oceania":28.5,"World":28.5},"exampleRates":[{"e0":25,"r":0.0,"cbr":40.0},{"e0":25,"r":0.005,"cbr":45.3},{"e0":25,"r":0.01,"cbr":50.9},{"e0":30,"r":0.0,"cbr":33.3},{"e0":30,"r":0.005,"cbr":38.5},{"e0":30,"r":0.01,"cbr":44.1},{"e0":40,"r":0.0,"cbr":25.0},{"e0":40,"r":0.005,"cbr":29.2},{"e0":40,"r":0.01,"cbr":33.7},{"e0":60,"r":0.0,"cbr":16.7},{"e0":60,"r":0.005,"cbr":19.8},{"e0":60,"r":0.01,"cbr":23.2},{"e0":75,"r":0.0,"cbr":13.3},{"e0":75,"r":0.005,"cbr":16.1},{"e0":75,"r":0.01,"cbr":19.2}]},"uncertainty":{"populationByEra":{"1500":0.3,"1800":0.2,"1950":0.1,"2027":0.03},"cbrModelled":0.1318,"cbrReconstructed":0.15,"cbrUn":0.04,"cbrUnProjected":0.05},"binary":{"file":"series.bin","bytes":240109,"layout":"magic[4] u32 countries u32 years u32 popBytes u32 cbrBytes u32 statusBytes, u32 fertilityBytes u32 fertilityFromIndex, then zig-zag varint year-deltas for population and for cbr x100, run-length (value, count) pairs for status, and varint deltas for fertility x1000 over years from fertilityFromIndex onward","noData":{"population":0,"cbr":0,"status":255}}}